Table 1 Signaling pathway and function of tissue resident macrophages in cancer

Aveolar macrophage

P16/CXCR1

Suppress the cytotoxic T cell response to pro-tumor

[48]

ROS/BACH1/PDLIM2/STAT3

Promote tumor growth

[50]

INHBA/activin A

Anti-tumor effects

[52]

SOCS3/STAT3

Inhibition of proliferation and survival of cancer cells

[51]

Upregulation IL-12β, IL-1α, and IL-1β

Pro-inflammatory in metastasis

[57]

Upregulation of Smad3, TGF-β and downregulation of Smad7

Anti-inflammatory in metastasis

[57]

WNT/β-catenin/TNF-α

Pro-metastatic environment

[58]

CXCL10/CXCR3 and TLR4/CCL12

Suppresses lung metastasis

[59]

Kupffer cell

FOLR2⁺ macrophage express CXCL12, CXCL16, and CD86

Engage in immunosuppressive interactions with Tregs

[93]

PD-L1/PD-1 and TIM-3/Galectin-9

Inhibit the antitumor response

[94,95,96]

TREM-1 deficiency reduced IL-1β, IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL10

Contribute to anti-tumor response

[97]

ROS and TNF

Cause intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

[73]

Early-stage KCs depletion modulated INOS and VEGF

Enhance metastasis progression

[99]

Late-stage KCs depletion increased CD3 cells infiltration

Impede metastasis growth

[99]

Mafb- and Maf- dual knockout

Exhibit anti-tumor response by reverse KCs function

[101]

Microglia

EGF and STI1

Promote glioblastoma cell invasion

[143, 144]

TGF-β

Promote glioma cells migration

[145]

CCL2/CCR2/IL-6

Promote glioma invasion

[147, 148]

IL-6/JAK2/STAT3

Promote a pro-metastatic environment

[154]

LPS-activated

Induce apoptosis in metastatic lung cancer cells

[153]

ANXA1/STAT3

Enhance metastatic cell migration

[155]

TGF-β

Fosters tolerance towards metastatic melanoma cells

[156]

CPG-C

Combats brain metastases

[157]

Langerhans

CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells enhance production of IFN-γ

Anti-tumor immune response

[199, 200]

TLR3 ligand polyinosine

Enhance the CD8⁺ T cell response

[201]

PAK1

Alter LCs functions in skin carcinogenesis

[206]

CD207/liposomes 22 vaccine

Induce protective immune responses against tumors

[208]

Gut resident macrophage

MR, CD163/CCL17, CCL22, CCL24, IL-10 and TGF-β

Promote tumor development

[230]

C-MYC/VEGF, HIF-1α, and TGF-β

Regulates the expression of pro-tumoral genes

[231]

IL-34 and IL-10

Enhance tumor proliferation

[236]

CCR2-independent F4/80⁺MHCII^lo subset

Promote tumor progression

[237]

ERK/S100A8/A9

Enhance tumor migration

[240]

JAK2/STAT3/FOXQ1

Promote its migration and invasion

[241]