Fig. 3

DCs and immunotherapy. Combining anti-PD1 and anti-CD40 immunotherapies enhances inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in moDCs, thereby promoting the differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Anti-CD40-induced activation of LAMP3⁺ DCs may augment the frequency of IFN-γ-producing CD4⁺ Th cells within the TME. Following anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment, a reduction in the proportion of moDC clusters occurs, leading to diminished antigen presentation and pro-angiogenic capabilities. The significant upregulation of LAMP3 expression following neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy indicates their active involvement in treatment response. In NSCLC, elevated levels of cDC1, LAMP3⁺ DCs, and pDCs are associated with treatment response. In triple-negative breast cancer, an increased proportion of cDC1 and cDC2 is linked to treatment response