Fig. 7

Therapeutic potential based on circRNA translation. a circAKT3 encodes a small 174-amino acid peptide, AKT3-174aa, which competitively binds p-PDK1 to inhibit downstream targets of AKT signaling pathway in glioblastoma. b MAPK1-109aa, encoded by circMAPK1, can inhibit the phosphorylation of MAPK1 by competitively binding to MEK1, thereby suppressing MAPK pathway and inhibits the proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells. c circPLCE1 encodes circPLCE1-411 that promotes the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of the critical NF-κB regulator RPS3 via directly binding the HSP90α/RPS3 complex to facilitate the dissociation of RPS3 from the complex, thereby reducing NF-κB nuclear translocation in CRC cells. d circ-0082389 encodes a small peptide, LINC-PINT, interacts with polymerase associated factor complex (PAF1c) and inhibits the transcriptional elongation of multiple oncogenes in glioblastoma tumorigenesis. e A workflow of circRNA-RBD vaccine. SP, signal peptide sequence of human tPA. Foldon, the trimerization domain from bacteriophage T4 fibritin. The circRNARBD-Delta vaccine based on lipid nanoparticle (LNP), which is injected into mice and rhesus macaque, and elicits potent neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses, providing robust protection against SARS-CoV-2